{"id":6261,"date":"2021-01-13T19:57:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-13T22:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tolhuinexpeditions.com\/principale-cause-de-la-deterioration-des-glaciers-lactivite-miniere\/"},"modified":"2023-09-05T18:02:55","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T21:02:55","slug":"principale-cause-de-la-deterioration-des-glaciers-lactivite-miniere","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tolhuinexpeditions.com\/fr\/principale-cause-de-la-deterioration-des-glaciers-lactivite-miniere\/","title":{"rendered":"PRINCIPALE CAUSE DE D\u00c9T\u00c9RIORATION DES GLACIERS : L\u2019ACTIVIT\u00c9 MINI\u00c8RE."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sara Larra\u00edn<\/strong>, Programme du Chili durable<\/p>\n\n

Le Chili est un pays montagneux, o\u00f9 70% de la population fournit de l\u2019eau des zones montagneuses, dont le soutien le plus important est la neige et les glaciers qui assurent l\u2019eau potable \u00e0 la population, le maintien des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et la continuit\u00e9 des activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques, en particulier l\u2019agriculture.<\/p>\n\n

Les glaciers mondiaux reculent actuellement en raison du r\u00e9chauffement climatique. En outre, dans le cas du Chili, les glaciers sont directement touch\u00e9s par l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re (Berland 2016), en construisant des routes sur eux, ce qui g\u00e9n\u00e8re de la poussi\u00e8re qui se d\u00e9pose et acc\u00e9l\u00e8re leur fonte, le forage et le pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement massif de la glace avec de la machinerie lourde pendant l\u2019exploitation, en enterrant les glaciers sous des d\u00e9charges st\u00e9riles (Contreras e Illanes, Brenning 2008, Sustainable Chile, 2011; Bodin, 2018). La situation est particuli\u00e8rement critique dans le nord et le centre du pays.<\/p>\n\n

\"COUVERTURE<\/figure>\n

Au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re est intervenue sur des glaciers entre les r\u00e9gions Atacama et m\u00e9tropolitaine a caus\u00e9 la perte d\u2019\u00e9normes r\u00e9serves d\u2019eau douce et la pollution de l’eau, affectant la consommation humaine, l\u2019agriculture et les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes. Cette destruction a intensifi\u00e9 la d\u00e9sertification, rendant les villes, l\u2019agriculture et les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes plus vuln\u00e9rables dans un contexte de s\u00e9cheresse accrue de l\u2019eau due au changement climatique.<\/p>\n\n

Le cas le plus connu de destruction des glaciers est Pascua Lama, un projet d\u2019extraction d\u2019or de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Barrick Gold, qui, au cours de ses explorations entre 1981 et 2000, a d\u00e9truit de fa\u00e7on irr\u00e9versible 62 % du glacier Toro 1 et 71 % du glacier Toro 2 dans le bassin sup\u00e9rieur de la rivi\u00e8re Huasco (Golder Associates, 2005a). Le permis environnemental accord\u00e9 \u00e0 Barrick Gold en 2005 lui a permis d\u2019extraire de l\u2019or sous terre sous la zone glaciaire et de d\u00e9poser \u00e9galement du mat\u00e9riel de rejet sur le plus grand glacier rocheux dans les cours d\u2019eau de la rivi\u00e8re El Estrecho dans le bassin de Huasco (Golder Associates, 2005b). Apr\u00e8s des sanctions r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es, les op\u00e9rations de ce mineur ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9es en 2013. Par la suite, en 2017, la Direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019environnement a expir\u00e9 la r\u00e9solution sur la qualification environnementale.<\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

Dans la r\u00e9gion de Coquimbo, Minera Los Pelambres de Antofagasta Minerals d\u00e9veloppe des activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res dans le bassin sup\u00e9rieur de la rivi\u00e8re Choapa depuis 2005, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant de graves impacts sur les glaciers rocheux et les ressources en eau. Dans ce bassin, les scientifiques ont identifi\u00e9 15 glaciers rocheux entre 3 500 et 3 900 m. snm (principalement des glaciers actifs), dont 4 ont disparu presque compl\u00e8tement par le d\u00e9p\u00f4t de piedras sur eux et deux autres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 intervenus par la construction de routes (Brenning et Az\u00f3car, 2010). Ces activit\u00e9s d\u2019enl\u00e8vement et de d\u00e9p\u00f4t des mat\u00e9riaux n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 incluses dans les \u00e9tudes environnementales soumises \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9, bien que l\u2019existence de ces glaciers depuis 1998 (Geoestudios, 1998) ait \u00e9t\u00e9 connue. Les interventions de Pelambres entre 2000 et 2006 ont touch\u00e9 des r\u00e9servoirs permanents d\u2019eau fossilis\u00e9e \u00e9quivalant \u00e0 2,84 millions de m\u00e8tres cubes d\u2019eau douce, une perte non pr\u00e9vue dans le processus d\u2019\u00e9valuation environnementale du projet minier (Azocar et Brenning, 2008).<\/p>\n\n

Dans la r\u00e9gion de Valparaiso, Codelco Andina a impact\u00e9 des glaciers rocheux depuis 1980 dans le bassin sup\u00e9rieur de la rivi\u00e8re Aconcagua, faisant presque compl\u00e8tement dispara\u00eetre deux glaciers rocheux (identifi\u00e9s par Lliboutry en 1961), avec une superficie totale de 1,32 km2. Codelco est \u00e9galement intervenu sur 0,78 km2 de glaciers rocheux avec des gisements de \u00ab\u00a0lastres\u00a0\u00bb et des infrastructures mini\u00e8res (Brenning, 2008). Les glaciers les plus touch\u00e9s sont la Rinconada et la rivi\u00e8re Blanco, dont les langues sont situ\u00e9es dans la fente de la mine. Des \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es dans la r\u00e9gion montrent qu\u2019entre 1991 et 2000, Codelco a retir\u00e9 entre 1 et 8 millions de tonnes de glace par ann\u00e9e (Morales, 2001) et estime que l\u2019entreprise continuerait de d\u00e9truire les glaciers \u00e0 des niveaux similaires \u00e0 l\u2019avenir, et de d\u00e9poser des millions de tonnes de st\u00e9riles sur les glaciers de la r\u00e9gion de la mine Sud-Sud. On estime qu\u2019entre 1990 et 2008, Codelco a d\u00e9truit 2,1 km2 de glaciers dans le bassin sup\u00e9rieur de l\u2019Aconcagua, ce qui \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 la perte de 15 \u00e0 25 millions de m3 de r\u00e9serves d\u2019eau douce dans ce bassin (Brenning, 2008), r\u00e9duisant ainsi l\u2019ampleur de la recharge glaciaire et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau de l\u2019Aconcagua et de la r\u00e9gion de Valpara\u00edso.<\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

En 2010, Codelco est entr\u00e9 dans l\u2019EIA dans le cadre du \u00ab Projet d\u2019expansion andine 244 \u00bb signalant l\u2019impact de 100 hectares de glaciers (Office n\u00b0 111747 – 2010 MMA), ce qui \u00e9tait inacceptable, car il r\u00e9duisait d\u2019importantes r\u00e9serves d\u2019eau dans le bassin de l\u2019Aconcagua, aggravant les conflits avec les irrigueurs et la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau de la r\u00e9gion de Valparaiso aux s\u00e9cheresses et aux changements climatiques. Pour cette raison, le projet a \u00e9t\u00e9 retir\u00e9 de la SEIA, r\u00e9integr\u00e9 en 2013 et retir\u00e9 \u00e0 nouveau en raison du rejet des citoyens, l\u2019autorit\u00e9 a indiqu\u00e9 que l\u2019expansion interviendrait sur 20 glaciers, affectant 560 900 m2 par excavation et 1 015 400 m2 par st\u00e9rile en cours d\u2019enfouissement, projetant une perte de glace \u00e9quivalente \u00e0 une r\u00e9serve de 12 599 000 m3 d\u2019eau douce (SEA, 2015). Malgr\u00e9 la rentr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9valuation en 2017, l\u2019entreprise n\u2019obtient pas encore l\u2019autorisation environnementale, bien que les acteurs locaux affirment que l\u2019expansion a d\u00e9j\u00e0 commenc\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

Dans la r\u00e9gion m\u00e9tropolitaine, Anglo American exploite la mine Los Bronces dans le bassin sup\u00e9rieur des rivi\u00e8res Mapocho et Olivares, ce dernier \u00e9tant un affluent de la rivi\u00e8re Maipo, qui approvisionne l\u2019eau potable de Santiago et irrigue 120 000 hectares dans la vall\u00e9e de Maipo (Sustainable Chile, 2010). Entre 1988 et 2005, Anglo American a d\u00e9truit pr\u00e8s d\u2019un kilom\u00e8tre carr\u00e9 de glaciers dans le bassin sup\u00e9rieur de la rivi\u00e8re San Francisco, qui alimente le Mapocho, causant la perte de 9 millions de m\u00e8tres cubes de r\u00e9serves d\u2019eau douce (Azocar et Brenning, 2008). L\u2019impact d\u2019Anglo sur les glaciers rocheux est document\u00e9, en particulier sur le glacier Infernillo (Contreras e Illanes, 1992; Valenzuela, 2004; Brenning, 2008), qui a acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 l\u2019avanc\u00e9e naturelle du glacier en raison des 14 millions de tonnes de d\u00e9bris d\u00e9pos\u00e9s par le mineur \u00e0 sa surface (Brenning, 2010). Dans les bassins fluviaux de San Francisco, Dolores et El Plomo, il y a 37 glaciers rocheux (Geoestudios, 2006), qui couvrent une superficie de 5 km2 dans les trois bassins. Mais la croissance de la fissure de la mine a occup\u00e9 0,2 km2 et \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l\u2019excavation du glaciera r\u00e9duit l\u2019eau que le bassin de la rivi\u00e8re San Francisco fournit \u00e0 la rivi\u00e8re Mapocho. En 2011, Anglo American a poursuivi l\u2019expansion du b\u00e2timent Los Bronces (sans \u00e9tude d\u2019impact environnemental), un m\u00e9gatunnel de 9 kilom\u00e8tres de long et 4,5 m\u00e8tres de diam\u00e8tre sous le glacier de La Paloma, dans la commune de Barnechea, jusqu\u2019au glacier Olivares \u00e0 San Jos\u00e9 de Maipo. Les travaux rapport\u00e9s par les organisations citoyennes, la municipalit\u00e9 de Barnechea et les parlementaires (La Segunda, d\u00e9cembre 2011) n\u2019ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9valu\u00e9s sur le plan environnemental. En ao\u00fbt 2019, Anglo American a introduit la SEIA dans une nouvelle expansion de Los Bronces, cette fois avec l\u2019exploitation souterraine; en l\u2019absence d\u2019une loi sur la protection des glaciers, les citoyens ont de nouveau commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 travailler pour emp\u00eacher la destruction des glaciers par la voie unique et limit\u00e9e de commenter l\u2019\u00e9tude d\u2019impact environnemental.<\/p>\n\n

(<\/strong>dans State of the Environment in Chile 2019, U. of Chile)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sara Larra\u00edn, Programme du Chili durable Le Chili est un pays montagneux, o\u00f9 70% de la population fournit de l\u2019eau des zones montagneuses, dont le soutien le plus important est la neige et les glaciers qui assurent l\u2019eau potable \u00e0 la population, le maintien des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et la continuit\u00e9 des activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques, en particulier l\u2019agriculture. 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